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“Another Step Toward Civilization”

Mr. Solid Brutus. "Why, Mr. Exode Caesar, you are a Man and a Brother after all. So Step into my parlor."

We
end the month where we began it, with a cartoon related to the mass
migration of blacks from the American South in the late
1870s and early 1880s. The specific subject of Thomas Nast's
cartoon is the Mississippi Valley Labor Convention, a meeting of 400
white planters and businessmen that convened in Vicksburg, Mississippi,
on May 5, 1879, in an attempt to devise solutions for stemming the flow
of black laborers from the region. A few black men observed or
addressed the gathering, but did not vote. Harper's Weekly
reprinted the resolutions endorsed by the delegates, and
promised to hold the white Southerners to their words.
The vague promises of the Vicksburg
Convention were not backed up by any definite plan of action, even
though a proposal was made to create biracial committees in each
Southern county to hear and arbitrate racial disputes. This cover
cartoon by Thomas Nast reveals profound skepticism about the sincerity
of the Vicksburg resolutions. Avowals of respect for the humanity,
equality, and liberty of black Southerners and of an end to the region's
anti-black violence are plastered on the posters, fly on the flag, and
proceed from the lips of the personification of the
convention.
Yet, the white delegate has stuffed the
pledges into his back pocket. He is identified as "Mr. Solid
Brutus," the former term aligns him with the Democratic Solid South
(to Nast, purveyors of political violence and fraud), while the latter
name associates him with the false friend who betrayed and murdered
Julius Caesar. The white delegate's welcome of the black migrant
back to the South is depicted as a dangerous (parlor) trick of the
deadly spider luring the innocent fly into his web of deceit (note the
spider's web on the sign). His final remark is from the familiar
refrain, "step into my parlor, said the spider to the fly."
Mississippi Valley Labor Convention
resolutions:
"Resolved, That the interests of
planters, laborers, landlords, and tenants are identical; that they must
prosper and suffer together; that it is the duty of planters and
landlords of the States here represented to devise and adopt some
contract system with laborers and tenants by which both parties will
receive the full benefit of labor governed by intelligence and
economy."
"Resolved, That this Convention
does affirm that the colored race has been placed by the Constitution of
the United States and the States here represented and the laws thereof
on a plane of absolute legal equality with the
white race, and does declare that the colored race shall be accorded the
practical enjoyment of all rights, civil and political, guaranteed by
said Constitution and laws."
"Resolved, That to this end the
members of this Convention pledge themselves to use whatever power and
influence they possess to protect the colored race against all dangers
in respect to the fair expression of their wills at the polls which they
apprehend may result from fraud, intimidation, or bulldozing on the part
of the whites. And as there can be no liberty of action without freedom
of thought, demand that all elections shall be free and fair, and that
no repressive measures shall be employed by colored people to deprive
their own race of the fullest freedom in the exercise of the highest
right of citizenship."
"Resolved, That the unrestricted
credit system pervading the States here represented, based upon liens or
mortgages on stock and crops, to be grown in the future, followed by
short crops, has provoked distrust, created unrest, and disturbed their
entire laboring population. All laws authorizing liens on crops for
advances of articles -- other than those of prime necessity at moderate
profits -- whether such advances are made by landlord, planter, or
merchant, should be discountenanced and repealed."
"Resolved, That this Convention
calls upon colored people here present to contradict false reports
circulated among and impressed upon the more ignorant and credulous, to
instruct them that no lands, mules, or money await them in Kansas or
elsewhere without labor or price, and to report to the civil authorities
all persons disseminating such reports."
Resolved, That it is the constitutional
right of colored people to emigrate when they please to whatever State
they may select for residence; but the Convention urges them to proceed
in their movements toward emigration as reasonable human beings,
providing in advance by economy means for transportation and settlement,
and sustaining their reputation for honesty and fair dealing by
preserving it intact until the completion of such contracts for
labor-leasing as have already been made. If, when they have done this,
they still desire to leave, all obstacles to their departure will be
removed, all practicable assistance will be afforded to them, and their
places will be supplied with other contented labor."
"Your committee believes that if
the views expressed in the foregoing resolutions are practically carried
out by the people of both races in good faith, the disquiet of our
people will subside. We appeal to the people of both races to aid us in
carrying these resolutions into effect, to report to the authorities all
violations of laws and all interference with private rights."
Robert C. Kennedy
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