|

“The Real ‘Irrepressible Conflict’”

[See Congressional Debates.]

Congress
engaged in a series of fierce debates over the slavery issue in December
1859 in the wake of the execution of abolitionist John Brown
for his failed attempt to capture a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia, and to foment a slave rebellion.
Many Southerners blamed Brown’s violent action on irresponsible
rhetoric from antislavery politicians like Senator William Henry Seward
of New York, who had earlier insisted that slavery and freedom were in
“irrepressible conflict” with each other.
Here, the cartoonist shows Seward (right) fighting with Governor
Henry Wise of Virginia (left), and in the caption relates the scene to
the congressional debates over Brown’s raid and slavery.
However, the sign pointing
toward the White House and the presence of Senator Stephen Douglas of
Illinois (diving forward under Wise and Seward) and New York Tribune
editor Horace Greeley (holding the basket on the right) indicate that
the real “irrepressible conflict” is the presidential election of
1860. Seward was the
leading candidate for the Republican presidential nomination; Greeley
was the most prominent member of the anti-Seward forces within the
Republican Party; Douglas was a chief contender for the Democratic
nomination; and Wise was being promoted as presidential material by some
Northern Democrats, even though he had alienated many Southerners with
his opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which opened the
Western territories to the possibility of slavery.
Elected as a Whig to the U.S.
Senate in 1849, William Henry Seward, a former two-term governor of New
York, quickly gained notoriety when, in his first significant speech on
the Senate floor, he contended that the territorial expansion of slavery
was contrary to the U.S. Constitution and “higher law.”
As a result, he was perceived by many as an antislavery radical.
In 1855, Seward was reelected to the Senate by a coalition of New
York State legislators opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.
Shortly thereafter, he became one of the key founders of the
Republican Party, dedicated to opposing the expansion of slavery.
On October 25, 1858, while
campaigning for Republican candidates in Rochester, New York, Senator
Seward spoke of the “irrepressible conflict” between the free North
and the slave South, which “means that the United States must and will
… become either entirely a slave-holding nation or entirely a
free-labor nation.” Similar
sentiments had been expressed by other Republicans, including a
little-known senatorial candidate in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, in his
“House Divided” speech. However,
it was Seward’s oration that stirred controversy because of his public
visibility as an influential senator and frontrunner for the Republican
presidential nomination in 1860. In
the closing of his Rochester speech, Seward observed, “a revolution
has begun” by which the American people were “gathering together the
forces with which to recover” all that had been lost under the current
Democratic administration of President James Buchanan.
For his “Irrepressible
Conflict” speech, Seward was vilified in the Democratic press as an
“arch agitator” who was calling for armed federal intervention
against slavery. Some
argued that the senator’s words fanned the flames of antislavery
violence, such as previously perpetrated by radical abolitionist John
Brown and his associates when they killed five pro-slavery men in
Pottawatomie, Kansas, in 1856. Further
scorn was heaped upon Seward when Brown and his men raided the federal
arsenal at Harper’s Ferry on October 16, 1859.
Convening three days after Brown and his co-conspirators were
executed on December 2, members of the U.S. Congress spent weeks in
heated debate over the issue of slavery.
Seward had been touring Europe from May until his return to the
United States on December 28, but many Southerners considered John
Brown’s raid to be the logical outcome of Seward’s rhetoric.
A newspaper in Richmond, Virginia, placed a $50,000 bounty on the
head of the “traitor” Seward.
On February 29, 1860, Seward
delivered his first major address on the Senate floor since returning.
He endorsed statehood for Kansas under a proposed antislavery
constitution, but denounced John Brown’s “sedition and treason,”
and claimed that, by contrast, his own vision of slavery’s end was
peaceful, voluntary, and evolutionary.
The New York senator emphasized that the Republican Party did not
seek to interfere with slavery in the South, but to stop its spread
westward. Whereas he
had earlier alleged the incompatibility and “irrepressible conflict”
between the slave South and free North, now he spoke of his hope for the
peaceful coexistence of the two systems.
That speech and subsequent statements did little to reassure
Southerners, angered some antislavery advocates, and made many view him
as an unprincipled political opportunist.
On May 16 the Republican Party
convened in Chicago, Illinois, for its second national convention.
Seward was still considered the favorite to win the presidential
nomination, but he had several negatives.
His strong stance against nativism (the anti-immigrant movement)
hurt his chances with Republicans who were former members of the
nativist American (Know-Nothing) Party.
He would not be able to compete effectively in Border States
(slave states in the Upper South) against native-son John Bell of
Tennessee, the presidential nominee of the new Constitutional Union
Party. Furthermore, the
likely Democratic nomination of Douglas called for a Republican
candidate who could attract Western (i.e., Midwestern) voters.
The main obstacle, though, was the slavery issue.
Seward’s recent softening of
his stance against the institution had not erased the memory of his
“Higher Law” and “Irrepressible Conflict” speeches.
Although the Republican Party clearly opposed the expansion of
slavery, many party leaders thought they could not win with a candidate
considered too extreme on the issue.
The party needed to appeal to voters in states outside its New
England and Upper-Midwest base—states like Illinois, Indiana, and
Pennsylvania, which had voted Democratic in 1856 and in which slavery
was not the paramount issue. Tribune
editor Horace Greeley privately stated the case:
“I want to succeed this time, yet I know the country is not
anti-Slavery. It will only
swallow a little anti-slavery in a great deal of sweetening.
An anti-slavery man per se cannot be elected; but a tariff, river
and harbor, Pacific railroad, free homestead man may succeed although he
is anti-slavery.” Despite
his strong support of such policies as a Whig and then as a Republican
senator, Seward did not fit the bill.
There were several other
candidates, but the local favorite, former congressman Abraham Lincoln,
seemed to have the most assets with no obvious negatives.
He had gained national recognition during the Lincoln-Douglas
debates of 1858, but was still not well known outside of Illinois.
In December 1859, he published a campaign biography, and in
February 1860, he delivered an address at Cooper Union in New York City
which garnered positive press coverage and made him a sought-after
speaker at Republican rallies throughout New England.
In May, the Illinois delegation entered the Republican National
Convention unified behind Lincoln.
The convention’s location in Chicago gave the
“rail-splitter” the home-field advantage and his campaign manager,
David Davis, filled the hall with enthusiastic Lincoln supporters.
Lincoln’s advocacy of internal improvements and tariffs would
make him popular in states like Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and he had
managed to be anti-nativist and anti-slavery without alienating
moderates.
Greeley initially backed Edward
Bates, a former congressman from Missouri.
However, when Bates could not even carry his own state, the wily
editor worked behind the scenes to convince anti-Seward delegates to
switch to Lincoln, who had placed second to Seward on the first ballot.
When the Pennsylvania delegation moved into the Lincoln column on
the second ballot, the Illinois favorite-son was within 3 ½ votes of
the New York senator. On
the third ballot, four Ohio delegates switched to put Lincoln ahead, and
others followed suit to give him the nomination.
The Republican platform opposed the expansion of slavery into the
western territories without condemning the institution in the South, and
denounced John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry.
Governor Wise soon faded as a
presidential possibility, but the Northern Democrats did nominate
Senator Douglas. The Southern Democrats, though, walked out of the convention
to nominate their own presidential candidate, Vice President John
Breckinridge of Kentucky. The
split in the Democratic Party, allowed the Republicans under Lincoln to
win their first presidential election in November 1860.
When
the Civil War began in April 1861, Senator Douglas lent his wholehearted
support to Lincoln and the Union cause, but died only a few months
later.
Former governor Wise joined the Confederate army and led an
attack on the federal armory at Harper’s Ferry, but did not have a
distinguished military career.
Seward was chosen by Lincoln to serve as secretary of state, and
continued in that position under President Andrew Johnson.
He is considered to have been one of the most effective
secretaries of state in American history.
Robert C. Kennedy
|

|
|